MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS
Nama Kelompok :
1.
Agnes Pricilia
2.
Giva Vernando
3.
Laurensius Haryo
4.
Nixon Joselino Suki
5.
Pesta Renika Hutabarat
FAKULTAS EKONOMI
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
JAKARTA
2019
1. Type of Formal Letters
a. Order
Letters / Inquiry letters
These order letters are usually sent by
consumers or business people to producers, retailers or wholesalers to order
goods or services. These letters contain certain information such as model
number, product name, desired quantity and expected price along with a price
list. Payments are also sometimes included with this letter.
b. Sales Letters
Sales
letters are used to promote certain products and services. A sales letter must
clearly state the advantages of using certain products because with this letter
you are trying to promote to others about the product. Ideally, a sales letter
should highlight an important problem and then explain how the problem can be
solved using your product.
b. Acceptance
letter
Acceptance Letter or Accepting Letter is a type of letter written to
communicate a positive response towards job offer, invitation, gift, offer,
contract, scholarship and other matters which require the intended. Acceptance
Letters are most widely used by prospective employers who have received a job
offer. It is professional etiquette to do so as it shows your gratitude,
reaffirms the details and conditions of the offer. It also removes any
misunderstanding on part of the either party. Accept letter is also a
formality; this is because even if you have verbally accepted the offer, you
have to confirm it on document.
c. Claim
Letter
A claim letter is a persuasive letter sent by a customer to a business
or agency to identify a problem with a product or service and can also be
referred to as a letter of complaint.
d. Adjusting
a Claim
An adjustment letter is
usually sent in response to a claim or complaint. If the adjustment supports
the customer, start the letter with the news. If not, keep the factual tone and
let the customer know that you understand the complaint.
e. Apology
letters
Apology Letter is a letter written
simply to apologise to someone for one’s mistake. A letter of apology is also a
mean to mend up broken or troubled relationship between two people or two
organisations. Sometimes apologising in-person is not easy because of inflated
egos or when both parties are guilty; here a written apology can break the ice
between two parties. Sometimes we don’t have apt communication skills to
apologise face to face; here too letters can act as mediator between two
offended parties.
f. Cover
Letters
A cover letter is one that is sent along
with your CV, when you apply for a job. The purpose of the cover letter is to
get a positive response from your prospective employer by highlighting the plus
points in your curriculum vitae.
g. Letters
of Resignation
When an employee plans to leave his job,
a resignation letter is usually sent to the manager directly and provides
information about when the last day of work. In many cases, employees will also
clarify their reasons for leaving the company.
h. Letters
of Recommendation
recommendation letters are also
commonly used as one of the must-have letters if someone wants to continue
their education to a higher level. Letters of recommendation may be given by
previous employers, professors / teachers, or other competent persons. This
letter usually describes a good professional relationship between the sender
and the job seeker.
2. Introducing Yourself
In this example, Peter and Jane are
meeting for the first time at a social event. After greeting each other, they
begin by asking simple personal questions. Working with a friend or classmate,
take turns practicing this role-play.
·
Peter:
Hello.
·
Jane:
Hi!
·
Peter:
My name is Peter. What's your name?
·
Jane:
My name is Jane. Nice to meet you.
·
Peter:
It's a pleasure. This is a great party!
·
Jane:
Yes, it is. Where are you from?
·
Peter:
I'm from Amsterdam.
·
Jane:
Amsterdam? Are you German?
·
Peter:
No, I'm not German. I'm Dutch.
·
Jane:
Oh, you're Dutch. Sorry about that.
·
Peter:
That's OK. Where are you from?
·
Jane:
I'm from London, but I'm not British.
·
Peter:
No, what are you?\
·
Jane:
Well, my parents were Spanish, so I'm Spanish, too.
·
Peter:
That's very interesting. Spain is a beautiful country.
·
Jane:
Thank you. It is a wonderful place.
Key Vocabulary
In the previous example, Peter and Jane
are introducing themselves. Several important phrases that they use in this
exchange are:
·
My
name is...
·
Where
are you from?
·
I'm
from... (city, state, or country)
·
Are
you... (Spanish, American, German, etc.)
Introducing Other
People
Introductions in Formal
Situations
Introductions can occur between more
than two people, for example at a party or at a business meeting. When you meet
someone for the first time, it is common to greet them by saying, "It's a pleasure
to meet you," or "Pleased to meet you." It is polite to respond
by repeating the statement back at them, as Mary does in this example:
·
Ken:
Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
·
Peter:
It's a pleasure to meet you.
·
Mary:
It's a pleasure to meet you too!
·
Ken:
Mary works for...
Introductions in
Informal Situations
In informal situations, especially in
North America, introductions are also made simply saying, "This is
(name)." It is also common to just say "Hi" or "Hello"
as a response in this informal setting.
·
Ken:
Peter, this is Mary.
·
Peter:
Hi. How are you?
·
Mary:
Hello! Pleased to meet you.
·
Ken:
Mary works for...
Common Introductory
Phrases
As you can see in the previous examples,
there are a number of different phrases that are commonly used to introduce
strangers:
·
(name),
I don't think you've met (name).
·
I
don't think you know (name)
·
May
I introduce you to (name)
·
(name),
do you know (name)?
·
(name),
I'd like you to meet (name)
3. HOW TO: TALK ON THE
PHONE IN ENGLISH
Step by Step Guide:
·
Begin
any call with a greeting, and introduce yourself (‘Good morning, it is Lily
calling’).
·
Once
introductions are complete, state your purpose and, if the person who answers
the call is not who you are ringing to
speak to, politely ask for the person you want (e.g. ‘I am ringing about…’;
‘Could I please speak to...’).
·
When
receiving a call where the purpose is not clear, make sure your inquiries are
made courteously (e.g. ‘What can I help you with?’). If uninterested, decline
politely before ending the call (e.g. ‘I’m sorry, but I am not interested,
thank you’).
·
To
end a call, sign off with ‘goodbye’ and perhaps an appropriate pleasantry (e.g.
‘It was a pleasure talking to you’).
·
You
may also here wish to confirm any plans made or information exchanged (e.g. ‘I
will see you at your office on Wednesday at 3 pm for the interview’).
·
If
the appropriate person is not available then leave/take a message. To do this,
follow the same rules as above, ensuring you leave/take any necessary contact
details (e.g. ‘Hello, it’s Frank…no, sorry, Thomas is not here at the moment,
but if you leave your name and number I will tell him to call you back’).
Phone Vocabulary:
Formal/Informal Vocabulary:
When talking on the telephone, it is
important to use the correct level of formality.
If talking to someone you are close to,
such as a friend or a sibling, you may want to tell a silly joke or use
informal language, such as using ‘hey’ as a greeting.
However it can be rude and/or
unprofessional to be too informal when talking to certain people. (For example,
current or potential future employers.) Generally speaking, use a polite
greeting, refer to them as ‘Mr …’; ‘Mrs …’, or 'Miss...' and be courteous in
your tone and choice of language: use ‘can’, ‘may’, ‘would’ and ‘could’.
Difficult Vocabulary:
Some phrases commonly used on the telephone can be
confusing. Some of these are explained
below:
·
‘This
is he/she’: this is the person you are asking for.
·
‘I
didn't catch that’: I didn't hear that.
·
‘Give
me a buzz later’: ring me later.
·
‘Please
hold’: I have to leave the call for a moment, please stay on the phone.
·
‘Hang
on’: wait for a moment.
·
‘Hang
up’: end the telephone call.
General Tips:
1.
Prepare
what you’re going to say before the call to organize your ideas and provide
support for you if you get confused.
2.
Always
remain polite and use ‘please’ and ‘thank you’.
3.
Speak
slowly and clearly in plain English.
4.
If
you are having trouble understanding the person on the phone, you can explain
that you are still learning English. Politely ask them to please speak more
slowly or to repeat what they said.
Practice both social and formal phone
conversations in English with a friend, using this post as a guide. In no time
you will be comfortable and relaxed on the telephone no matter who you are talking
to!
Vocabulary Used:
·
Courteously:
in a polite manner.
·
Pleasantry:
a polite social remark.
·
Formality:
stiffness of behavior or style.
4.
The company's organizational structure
1. CEO
The
CEO stands for Chief Executive Officer, meaning the Highest Executive Officer.
2. President
Director
President
Director is the person who has the largest share in the company.
3. Vice
President Director
Vice
President Director is a person who represents or is a representative of the
President Director.
4. Commissioner
Commissioner is a shareholder of both small and large-value shares in a
company.
5. Director
Director
is someone who is appointed to lead or who has his own company.
6. General
Manager
General
Manager is someone who is appointed to be responsible for some part of the
company or office.
7. Assistant
Manager
Assistant
Manager or deputy manager is a person who is assigned to help the work of
managers, be it senior, general manager.
8. Leader
The
leader whose position is under the supervisor, is tasked to lead one part in a
company.
9. Staff
Staff
are workers, employees who are employed in accordance with the fields and
positions in the company such as finance, warehouse, purchasing, bookkeeping,
staffing and so on.
